Apabila mengacu pada WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX, terdapat beberapa kriteria yang dinilai terkait Kebebasan Pers di suatu negara.
Kriteria-kriteria tersebut adalah ;
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Pluralism. Mengukur seberapa jauh opini-opini masyarakat dapat terwakili di media massa.
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Media independence. Mengukur tingkat sebuah media dapat berfungsi secara independen, tidak tergantung dan terpengaruh oleh kekuatan apapun dan siapapun, dilihat dari sumber politik, pemerintahan, bisnis dan agama.
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Environment and self-censorship. Analisis lingkungan dimana penyedia berita dan informasi beroperasi.
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Legislative framework. Mengukur dampak legislative framework yang mengatur aktifitas berita dan informasi.
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Transparency. Mengukur transparansi sebuah institusi dan prosedur dalam memproduksi berita dan informasi.
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Infrastructure. Mengukur kualitas infrastruktur yang mendukung produksi berita dan informasi.
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Abuses. Mengukur level kekerasan dan kesewenang-wenangan terhadap awak media.
Berikut pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang ditanyakan kepada responden, terkait dengan penilaiaan kebebasan pers di suatu negara.
B
In your country, do any of the following exist?
Privately owned print press (1)
Privately owned television networks (2)
Privately owned radio stations (3)
What are the factors apparently preventing the creation of independent, privately owned media?
Political factor (political position, closeness to the opposition) (1)
Religious factor (religious affiliation, status with religious authorities) (2)
Note: “1” signifies that the factor plays no part in preventing the creation of a media company; “10” signifies that the factor makes forming a media company impossible.
How difficult is it to launch an independent private media company in light of the following constraints?
Administrative constraints (tax reporting procedures, professional competence requirements etc.) (1)
Financial constraints (start-up costs, production costs, bank credit etc.) (2)
Note: “1” signifies no difficulty; “10” signifies an insurmountable obstacle.
Is the process for granting TV and radio licences transparent?
Note: “1” signifies that transparency is completely absent; “10” signifies complete transparency.
What is the extent of official interference in appointments to these posts?
Directors of the TV and radio regulatory agency (1)
Directors of public TV and radio stations (2)
Note: Number “1” signifies no interference whatsoever; “10” signifies total interference.
How easy is it for authorities to force the firing of a public radio or TV journalist, public radio or TV executive or private media executive?
Note: ‘1’ signifies that authorities are powerless to force a firing; ‘10’ signifies that authorities can force a firing at will.
To what extent are private media economically dependent on direct or indirect state subsidies?
Note: “1” signifies no dependence at all; “10” signifies complete dependence.
Do private media have to adjust their content in exchange for state subsidies?
Yes (1)
No (2)
Is government advertising distributed equitably among different media?
Note: All state paid publicity campaigns in the media should be considered together: public education (health, traffic safety etc.); information (operations of public services, new legislation etc.); employment (recruitment campaigns); public works (bid invitations).
Yes (1)
No (2)
Does the government pressure advertisers to favour certain media?
Note: Advertisers are private or public businesses that buy advertising space to promote their products or services.
Yes (1)
No (2)
Do officials favour certain media (access, interviews etc.) because of favourable editorial policy?
Do officials favour certain media (access, interviews etc.) because of financial ties between politicians and media owners?
Note: ‘1’ signifies a situation in which officials show no favouritism; ‘10’ signifies that favouritism is firmly established.
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C
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Is journalism training available at a professional level, with emphasis on developing the capacity for critical judgement in journalism students?
Note: “1” signifies a lack of availability of professional-level journalism training; “10” signifies availability of high-quality journalism training.
Does supply of journalism post-graduate training meet demand?
Note: “1” signifies complete unavailability of training; “10” signifies that availability perfectly meets demand. Availability of post-graduate training concerns individuals who want training in journalism after graduating and practising a profession, whether connected to journalism or not.
Is the practice of journalism prohibited or discouraged for any of the following reasons:
Nationality
Ethnic origin
Social class
Religion
Gender
To what extent can members of the following groups enter media-related professions?
Note: “1” signifies that access is completely blocked; “10” signifies completely open access
How well do media reflect the population’s language diversity?
For the country’s citizens, is professional journalistic quality assessed openly and transparently?
Totally openly and transparently (1)
Somewhat openly and transparently (2)
Rather opaque procedures (3)
Totally opaque procedures (4)
Are accreditation procedures for foreign journalists applying to work on national territory fair and transparent?
Completely fair and transparent (1)
Somewhat fair and transparent (2)
Rather unfair and opaque (3)
Completely unfair and opaque (4)
Can journalists cover events in person?
Note: “1” signifies that journalists cannot cover events in person; “10” signifies that journalists have complete access to events.
Have there been cases of restricted access to or coverage of one or more regions (by administrative prohibition, strict document controls, visa denials etc.)?
During the past 12 months, have you seen any of the following actions directed at journalists by government or religious authorities or major economic interests, or by interest groups linked to any of them?
Describe the frequency on the following scale, with “0” representing the absence of such actions, and “10” representing repeated actions.
Do some journalists receive invitations to luxury events, press trips and other benefits of all kinds that would weaken their publications’ objectivity?
Is there any law against these practices?
Are journalists sometimes paid by someone other than their regular employer in order to influence what they write?
Do media professionals enjoy the freedom to form and join unions?
Unionization is legal and openly practised (1)
Unionization is legal but does not happen because of official pressure (2)
Union membership is required for journalists (3)
Unionization is prohibited (4)
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D
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Do completely independent media exist - that is, media whose staff may take positions of any kind on public issues with no limits of any kind from owners or the government?
Do media reflect the range of opinions among members of the public?
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which only official opinions may be reflected in media; “10” signifies complete pluralism in the media.
Do public media provide coverage of and access by all political currents?
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which public media are open only to officially authorized political currents; “10” signifies complete openness to all political tendencies.
Is investigative journalism developed enough to uncover matters of significance?
Note: “1” signifies conditions in which investigative journalism is non-existent; “10” signifies the presence of highly developed investigative journalism.
Does the government monitor or threaten journalists?
Note: “1” signifies no monitoring or threats; “10” signifies systematic monitoring accompanied by repeated threats
Overall, are media free to publish revelations concerning…
…political power? (1)
…major economic interests? (2)
…religious or spiritual authorities? (3)
…the military? (4)
…police and criminal justice institutions? (5)
…organized crime? (6)
Note: ‘1’ signifies absence of freedom to publish revelations; ‘10’ signifies the freedom to publish revelations with no constraints beyond those inherent in any journalistic investigation.
Do journalists practise self-censorship for fear of the following consequences?
Civil lawsuits or criminal prosecution (fines, imprisonment) (1)
Professional reprisals or attacks on reputation (2)
Threats to physical safety of the journalist or his family and friends, to his workplace or his home (3)
Note: “1” signifies that fear of such consequences is absent; “10” signifies acute fear to the point of preventing journalists from touching certain topics.
Are media owners’ conflicts of interest frequently the cause of journalists’ self-censorship?
Note: “1” signifies that conflicts of interest are non-existent or don’t affect what journalists publish; “10” signifies a situation in which conflicts of interest often lead to self-censorship.
To what extent do radio and television stations with the largest audiences present independent and critical news?
On private networks (1)
On public networks (2)
Note: “1” signifies an absence of such news; “10” signifies its strong presence
Do public media ignore some news that is sensitive for the government, but which private media cover?
How concentrated is media power?
Note: “1” signifies no concentration, with each proprietor owning only one media property; “10” signifies maximum concentration, with one proprietor owning all media.
What proportion of general-interest media is owned by companies with other interests in non-media sectors of the economy?
(5 if 50%; 10 if 100%)
During election campaigns, do radio and television provide for equitable distribution of appearances by
candidates?
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which the authorities have a monopoly on appearances; “10” signifies a completely equitable distribution of appearances and coverage.
Outside of election periods, does the government demand radio and television time, with no right to criticize what is said?
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which the government never requires airtime under these conditions; “10” signifies a situation in which the government often requires airtime under these conditions.
Can citizens directly and freely contact journalists, with no government controls or monitoring, especially in order to provide information?
Note: “1” signifies that contact is impossible; “10” signifies complete freedom of contact with no constraints or monitoring.
What influence does the government have on the staff of the following media?
Media that favour the government (1)
Opposition media (2)
Public media (3)
Note: “1” signifies no influence at all; “10” signifies maximum influence that gives authorities total control over editorial policy.
What influence do major economic interests have on the staff of the Public media?
Note: “1” signifies no influence whatsoever; “10” signifies maximum influence to the point that major economic interests totally control editorial policy.
To what extent can advertisers, working with media, influence editorial policy in the Print news media
Note: “1” signifies no influence whatsoever; “10” signifies maximum influence to the point that major economic interests totally control editorial policy.
Are press freedom, freedom of information and freedom of expression guaranteed…
…in the Constitution? (1)
…in law or case law? (2)
…by ratification of or adherence to international treaties? (3)
In practice, are these rights enforced?
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which these rights are not enforced; “10” signifies a situation in which these rights are fully respected and diligently enforced.
Is access to public information guaranteed by law?
Does prior censorship or monitoring exist in the print press? (1) and in radio and television? (2)
Is the public disclosure of matters of public interest prevented by the Constitution, by law or by the way they are enforced?
Does a legal mechanism exist to protect the confidentiality of journalists’ sources?
In practice, to what extent is protection of confidential sources threatened by…
…political power? (1)
…major economic interests? (2)
…the military? (4)
…organized crime? (5)
…judges and prosecutors? (7)
Note: ‘1’ signifies a threat-free environment; ‘10’ signifies a situation in which source protection is under permanent threat.
Do laws against cybercrime violate the right to free expression and news access on the Internet?
Legal action against information providers based on what they publish takes the following form:
Civil law complaint (1)
Criminal prosecution for press-law violation (2)
Prosecution for lesser criminal law violation (3)
Criminal prosecution for major criminal law violation (4)
Don’t know (5)
During the past 12 months, what penalties have been imposed on information providers?
Permanent prohibition on practising journalism (4)
Cancellation of licence (5)
Prison sentences (8)
Life sentences (9)
Torture/corporal punishment (10)
Death penalty (11)
None of them (99)
When a journalist is arrested, is he informed of the charges against him, and is he given access to the case file?
Always (1)
Almost always (2)
Most of the time (3)
Rarely (4)
Rarely or never (5)
Do laws include opinion crimes such as blasphemy or disrespect for authority?
Yes (1)
No (2)
In practice, are people convicted of these crimes?
Frequently (1)
Does not occur often but the risk is real (2)
Never (3)
Do defamation laws pose an obstacle to public debate?
Debate is unhindered (1)
Debate is sometimes hindered (2)
Debate is often limited (3)
Debate has become impossible (4)
Does the law require that an individual have a right of response to a news article concerning him?
Yes (1)
No (2)
Don’t know (3)
Over the past 12 months, have the authorities done their best to punish those guilty of the murders of journalists/netizens/bloggers?
To my knowledge, no such murder has occurred (1)
Authorities have responded adequately (2)
Authorities have moved in the right direction in all cases, but could have done more in some of them (3)
Authorities have done nothing to advance the cause of justice in at least one case (4)
Authorities have hindered the course of law enforcement in at least one case (5)
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F
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Do news web sites require official authorization before going on line?
Yes (1)
No (2)
Do individuals who want to provide news online have access to high-speed Internet at a reasonable price?
Access is widespread (1)
Access is guaranteed in principle but not everyone enjoys it (2)
Access is not guaranteed and many do not enjoy it (3)
Access is limited to a very few (4)
Does the print press have access to adequate printing and distribution facilities at reasonable cost?
These resources are widely available (1)
These resources are available but need expansion (2)
These resources are limited but the press is able to operate (3)
These resources are so limited that press operations are threatened (4)
How do you assess the willingness of local and national officials to expand Internet access?
Wide access already exists (1)
An active access expansion program is under way (2)
A satisfactory policy has been decided (3)
Lack of resources prevents access expansion (4)
Willingness is non-existent (5)
Authorities deliberately block access (6)
To what extent do authorities filter news content on the Internet?
No filtering takes place, to my knowledge (1)
Some filtering has occurred, but sporadically (2)
Filtering is closely focused on a small number of topics (3)
Widespread filtering covers a number of topics (4)
Extremely widespread filtering may cover virtually any subject (5)
Which topics are filtered most frequently?
Political news (1)
Social topics (2)
Political leaders (3)
Religious authorities (4)
The military (5)
Major economic interests (6)
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which content involving these subjects; “10” signifies filtering blocks all contenton a given topic.
Do authorities block access to technical means for circumventing filtering?
Yes (1)
No (2)
Would an individual who publishes general or political news content on a social network have his account
cancelled, blocked, or hijacked?
Note: “1” signifies a situation in which individuals never face these obstacles; “10” signifies a situation in which these responses occur frequently
Does the government monitor internet users who produce independent news content online?
Yes, frequently (1)
Yes, somewhat frequently (2)
Yes, but rarely (3)
No (4)
Does the government monitor interent users who view independently produced online news content?
Yes, frequently (1)
Yes, somewhat frequently (2)
Yes, but rarely (3)
No (4)
Do internet users face sanctions for putting up sensitive content concerning political power?
Note: ‘1’ signifies a situation in which internet users face no sanctions whatsoever in these circumstances; ‘10’ signifies a situation in which internet users are certain to face sanctions for putting up this kind of content.
Would internet users risk sanctions simply for viewing the types of content described above?
Yes (1)
No (2)